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Induced defense mechanism has been succeeded by root colonization with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), a phenomenon called Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). _ Keywords: biopriming, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria, tissue culture plantlets CONTENTS Research findings from several laboratories demonstrated the bacteria mediated improvement in host physiology and their studies indicated the sustainability of microbes and their utilities in micropropagated plantlets especially for banana (Musa spp) even after transplanting into field conditions. Among the different beneficial microbes, use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in plant nurseries have advantage in accelerating the production process by minimizing the time required for lignification of micropropagated plantlets. Recently biological hardening (biopriming) is associated with the induction of resistance in tissue culture propagules using beneficial microorganisms against biotic and abiotic stresses upon transplanting and during early growth after transplanting. In addition, the beneficial microorganisms protect the micropropagated plantlets from varied biotic and abiotic stresses such as saline, drought and flooding.
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These problems can be significantly overcome by inoculating beneficial microorganisms into micropropagated plantlets. Micropropagated plantlets are physiologically different from normal plants showing reduced photosynthetic activity, lower wax deposits, poorly functioning stomata, under developed root system and very few leaf and root hairs. Future prospects include testing whether these variations also occurred in inflorescence of bacterized inflorescence, since this organ is especially sensitive to cold damages. phytofirmans strain PsJN promotes grapevine chilling tolerance using several distinct pathways, whether existing or cold-induced mechanisms. Furthermore, bacterized plants were characterized by a faster and stronger production of H2O2 and subsequent faster detoxication of this oxidative species. When exposed to chilling, bacterized plants exhibited priming of several defence related genes (VvPAL, VvStSy, VvLOX…) as well as priming of the key cold regulator VvCBF4 (Theocharis et al. Before chilling exposure, bacterized plants displayed higher concentrations of carbohydrates known to be involved in cryoprotection (starch, sucrose and raffinose). Molecular and biochemical approaches were investigated to explore several mechanisms by which this endophyte could improve cold tolerance by analyzing: (i) effect on expression of defence and cold related genes, (ii) modulation of H2O2 production and (iii) stimulation of plant primary metabolism. Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN is an endophytic Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that enhances chilling tolerance of grapevine plants (Ait Barka et al.